Which of the following is NOT a type of biological control?

Chemical pesticides are not considered a type of biological control. Biological control refers to the use of natural organisms or their by-products to manage pest populations. This includes the introduction of predatory insects that can reduce the numbers of pest species, fungi that can infect and kill pests, and beneficial nematodes, which are microscopic worms that can target and parasitize insects in the soil.

In contrast, chemical pesticides are synthetic or natural substances that are designed and formulated to kill or repel pests. They do not involve the use of live organisms or their natural enemies in the pest management strategy. Thus, chemical pesticides operate on a different principle than biological control methods, which harness ecological interactions and the natural predatory relationships in an ecosystem.