What is microbial decomposition?

Microbial decomposition refers to the biological process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, break down organic matter into simpler compounds. This process is essential for recycling nutrients in ecosystems, as it converts dead plant and animal material into forms that can be utilized by other organisms. Through microbial activity, complex organic materials are chemically and physically transformed, leading to the release of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon back into the soil.

This breakdown process plays a crucial role in soil health and fertility, as it enriches the soil, contributing to the formation of humus, which improves soil structure and water retention. Other choices, while related to soil and plant health, do not accurately describe microbial decomposition. For example, fertilizing plants directly involves the application of nutrients, rather than the breakdown of existing organic materials. Similarly, the attachment of bacteria to roots pertains to plant growth processes but does not represent the broader phenomenon of decomposition. Lastly, the creation of new soil layers involves geological and physical processes rather than solely focusing on the microbial breakdown of organic matter.